Thank You for a Great 2024-25 School Year

This year's final article summary is Teaching is Hard. Why Teachers Love it Anyway.

As we come to the end of another exemplary school year, all of us are exhausted and more than ready for summer break.

This final summary is a reminder that no matter how fatigued and frustrated we can get during a long school year, our jobs still provide us with much fulfillment.

When I was about to start my senior year in college, I remember talking my dad talking to me one night as we watched a Yankees game on TV. We generally didn’t share our feelings and stuck more to topics like sports, but for some reason he was in a more reflective mood that night.

From out of nowhere, he said to me that wherever my post-college career took me, he wanted me to be happy and fulfilled. He said that as a dentist, he had been able to provide financially for his family but that the job of dentistry was more a chore than a passion for him. He told me to try to find an occupation in which I loved getting up in the morning and going to work. 

At that point I had no idea I would become a teacher. I was a history major at a small liberal arts college and assumed I would head to law or medical school after my undergraduate studies like most of my classmates. But during my senior year, I just wasn’t excited about going to either law or med school. I was a little burned out from my studies and decided to take a gap year to re-energize. 

It was a freak coincidence that I was offered a job at an independent school teaching middle school English and coaching middle and upper school soccer, basketball, and baseball.

Within two weeks of working with kids in the classroom and on the sports fields, I knew I had found my calling and purpose – the epiphany moment in life we all hope to get!

I don’t think my dad thought teaching would be my career, but I am ever thankful to him for his advice and support. 

45 years later I’m wiser, grayer, and more experienced, yet the passion I had as a 22 year old is still present.

I hope you’re as fulfilled as I am working in schools in general and Trinity in particular, as there’s no school I’ve worked in or visited that is as magical as Trinity.

Thank you all for a another great school year and enjoy summer break!

Joe

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There is no shortage of stories about how teachers have a difficult job. They work long hours for not a lot of money, and they are expected to meet a wide range of student needs – physical, academic, and social-emotional—physical, academic, and social-emotional -- with limited resources.

But the job can be beautiful, too. There are special moments unique to the profession—the inside jokes with a roomful of tweens or teens, the moment a student’s face lights up as they grasp a difficult concept, the feeling of making a real difference in young people’s lives.

 Education Week asked teachers on social media to share their favorite part of teaching. Dozens of teachers weighed in, with thoughtful, heartwarming responses about what makes the job worthwhile.

 The Lightbulb Moments: One of the most common responses from teachers was that their favorite part of teaching is when a student suddenly gets it. The times when students are curious and engaged in a lesson are what one teacher called “magic moments.”

• When you convince a student to not give up, and it is followed by a moment of insight leading to happy success, and then eight years later that student shows up to give you a hug and show you her doctorate...that is a heart-melting thrill!
• Seeing the 'I get it!' moment. Teaching math is tough but these moments make it worth it.
• Seeing my 5th graders' faces light up when they understand a math concept after trying many times. It is very emotional

The Relationships with Kids: The research is clear: Strong student-teacher relationships are key to student success on practically every measure schools care about. Those bonds and connections also constitute many teachers’ favorite parts of the job.

• Recess. Going out to play with the kids. Chatting with them about stuff, like movies, and pets, and vacations, and places to eat....you know, getting to know them as people.
• When kids get really into a book, movie, or video game that I share with them.
• Spending my days with kids. They are so much more fun than adults. So much hope, and intensity and excitement. 

The Instruction: Teachers spend a lot of time in meetings and doing administrative work. But there’s nothing like the actual work of teaching, teachers said.

• Preparing lessons! No kidding. I dream about my lessons in anticipation for enthusiasm from my students.
• Actually teaching! There’s so much on our plate these days with testing and more testing, dealing with behaviors. I love just being able to teach. And forget about all the other stuff.
• Seeing students' lens on a topic, their questions and wonders, their perspectives and curiosities—a collaborative learning experience, so to speak, where you teach and they teach you with their curiosities.

The Subject: Many teachers entered the profession because they are passionate about a subject—literature, math, science, art—and want to share that passion with students.

• The read aloud! That moment when you go to close the book and the kids beg for "one more chapter, please!!!" For me, it's a great bonding time; and I love developing a love of stories.
• I'm an art teacher because when I was a kid, making art was the only area of my life in which I had any sense of control. I enjoy providing a safe space for students to express themselves while also learning a discipline that will benefit them later in life.
• I’m a music teacher. Allowing students to express themselves, learn collaborative teamwork and responsibility, learn to both give and take constructive criticism in a safe environment where it’s OK to make mistakes and try again….while having fun (and still learning a hundred standards that need taught). It’s gratifying to watch students create performances through music from start to finish and seeing them light up at the progress they have made. It was one of the things I enjoyed coming to school for each day, and I want to share that with my students.

 The Lasting Impact: Many teachers said their favorite part of teaching is the knowledge that their work matters—and makes a difference in students’ lives for years to come.

• When they contact me long after graduation to let me know how much they learned in my classes. Really anything that expresses that my effort was not wasted.
• Seeing former students as successful adults. It reminds us why we do what we do.
• Seeing students apply the standards in my classroom to their own lives and seeing them succeed because of it.

The Benefits of Teacher Read-aloud in Classrooms

This week's article summary is Make Time for the Read-Aloud.

As most reading is done silently, children don’t get much opportunity to hear an adult (teacher or parent) read with clarity and intonation. 

There are many benefits to reading aloud to children, no matter what age. As the article states, the benefits of reading aloud to children has been supported by countless research studies for decades.

While engaging them in the joy of reading, reading aloud also helps children begin to understand how writing is structured.

They also get to hear the correct pronunciation of words and, if they are following along with the text, they can see how punctuation supports word syntax.

The article below provides some ways teachers and parents can prep in advance to ensure their oral reading not only engages kids but also helps them enhance their own literacy skills.

Joe

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Reading aloud to students during class time may sound like a quaint endeavor from a bygone era. 

But literacy experts insist that it’s every bit as relevant now as ever, and they urge English/language arts teachers—especially of early elementary students (although many experts espouse the practice as meaningful throughout K-12)—to make the ritual part of their daily instructional practice.

The “read-aloud” requires a significant commitment by the teacher—beyond simply committing to the act of reading aloud to students routinely. In its most effective form, the read-aloud demands thoughtful advanced preparation. It’s time well-spent, say literacy experts.

“I would argue that, of all components of reading, read-alouds have one of the longest-standing research bases. There’s a lot of data showing the power of read-alouds,” said Molly Ness, a former teacher, reading researcher, and vice president of academic content at Learning Ally, a nonprofit organization that supports educators.

Ness’s perspective isn’t new. The Commission on Reading, in 1985, declared read-alouds “the single most important activity for building the knowledge required for eventual success in reading.”

The rationale behind support for the read-aloud is simple: The activity offers an engaging way to pack a big literacy “punch” into a single classroom activity, particularly regarding reading comprehension. 

“The read-aloud increases vocabulary and background knowledge, which increases comprehension. And the better you can understand, the more likely you are to read, and it becomes this cycle, an upward spiral of a literary trajectory,” Ness said.

Below, literacy experts and teachers share three strategies on how to plan for read-alouds that ignite a passion for the joy of reading while also boosting literacy skills.

Examine texts for literacy components: Ness recommends that, well before picking up a text to read to students, teachers consider its potential obstacles and opportunities by asking themselves questions like: Will the vocabulary present a challenge? Do students have the background knowledge to grasp the text’s content? Weighing these elements beforehand can help teachers plan a developmentally appropriate read-aloud accordingly, she explains. Try to choose texts whose content matches what is being taught in other classes. This strategy mirrors an instructional strategy a growing number of districts are implementing called “knowledge-building curriculum,” which is intentionally designed to grow students’ knowledge about topics they’re learning in other classes, including in social studies and science.

Choose texts that unlock the joy of reading: While read-alouds aim to boost literacy skills, their goal of sparking the joy of reading is perhaps equally important. Not every student will be attracted to the same text, but there do seem to be some common features in literature that children find engaging. A 2023 Harvard study assessed factors that contribute to “story absorption”—the mental state a reader experiences when fully immersed in a story. Students prefer information presented in a narrative format, regardless of whether the text was fiction or nonfiction. Mysteries and fast-paced plots proved to be engaging genres to young readers. Respondents said they were also drawn to characters who are misfits as well as those to whom they could personally relate.

Make seating arrangements a high priority: Seating arrangements can impact students’ learning experience. At the very least, all students should be able to see and hear the teacher with ease. To promote the read-aloud as a special ritual, teachers may consider emphasizing students’ physical comfort, some proponents of the practice suggest—perhaps allowing them to stretch out on a rug or use pillows or bean-bag chairs. But ultimately, teachers will need to assess their students individually and as a class before determining how to balance the twin goals of creating an environment for the read-aloud that encourages comfort yet supports students’ ability to focus on the learning activity. Presenting a read-aloud differs from a standard classroom presentation. Appropriate prosody—reading with expression and meaning, which includes elements like correct pronunciation, appropriate pace, effective pauses, and adopting different dialects—takes practice. Doing it daily, as literacy experts suggest, allows for plenty of practice.

“There are so many reasons to read aloud to students,” Ness said.

Are Educational Apps Valuable For Learning in Early Childhood

This week's article summary is Can Young Children Learn from Educational Apps?

Last summer, I spent a week with my grandkids in Hilton Head. Most of the time they were either on the beach or in the backyard swimming pool. In the early morning and late afternoon they played various card and board games with my wife and me.

What was interesting to me was during the entire week they never asked to watch TV or to use any technology. On the five-hour drive from Atlanta, they had used their iPads, but once they got to the beach, they ignored technology.

Even though my grandkids never asked for technology, we adults occasionally offered them technology as a distraction, so we could have some adult time. (You can only play so much Uno after all.) 

What further amazed me was how quickly my grandkids laser focused on whatever app they opened or You Tube video they watched. They were transfixed until we physically yanked the iPads from them. 

So, the article below intrigued me. Do younger children (my grandkids are now 8 and 6) learn from technology?

With certain parameters and enhancements, educational apps, including video games, can result in student learning. 

The article refers to the Sesame Street ‘video deficit’ effect: kids don’t learn lessons through TV shows, even if they’re ostensibly educational. They need human interaction, dialogue, and explanation to have lessons from TV or educational apps stick and transfer to real life. 

So, the lesson for parents and teachers is there is certainly a place for technology to support young children’s learning but nothing as of yet is a substitute for human interaction. (Take that, ChatGPT!)

I’ll remember this article this summer, as I endure never-ending games of Uno with my grandkids rather than tempt them with an iPad!

Joe

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Parents often hear about the dangers of screen time for children, but rarely does there seem to be a distinction among different types of screen time. 

In particular, apps on smartphones or touchscreen devices for children seem to be growing in popularity, even among young children. 

In fact, research finds that 90% of children aged 2 to 3 years use a touchscreen device and that infants and toddlers on average spend 10 to 45 min per day on touchscreen devices.

Many apps claim to be “educational” and some apps are used as part of the curriculum in elementary school classrooms. 

Can young children actually learn from this technology? Are apps more educational than TV shows and movies? And if parents allow their children to engage with apps, which apps are best?

Research broadly finds that young children can learn from interactive apps, but it remains unclear the extent to which this learning is transferable to the real world. A meta-analysis found that most studies involving children five years and younger show an overall positive impact of touchscreen apps on learning. 

Another study found that children under 6 years old can learn from interactive apps, particularly in math skills. They also found some evidence that apps may improve phonics skills, teach science facts, and improve executive functioning. 

The review failed to find evidence that apps improved social communication skills.

Although we have consistent evidence that young children can learn from apps, it remains unclear the extent to which they can transfer this knowledge to the real world. It is well documented that young children (particularly children under 3) do not learn as well from video as they do from real life interactions and do not transfer learning from video to real life, referred to as the video deficit. However, there is some evidence that children can transfer learning when screen time is more interactive such as Facebook or video chat.

So, research finds that it is possible for children to learn from apps and that engaging in apps with them may enhance the transfer of learning to the real world, but does this mean they can learn from just any app? How can you determine which apps are truly educational?

A recent study evaluated 124 popular “educational” apps and found that 58% of popular apps were “low quality” in terms of how they promote learning.

The researchers evaluated apps based on the following:

• Active learning – whether the app requires critical thinking or intellectual effort versus a simple cause-and-effect
• Engagement in the learning process  – whether the interactive features enhance or distract from learning, including whether the app has unnecessary visual and sound effects and distracting ads
• Meaningful learning – how relevant what the child is learning in the app is to the child’s life and existing knowledge
• Social interaction – the extent to which the app encourages children to interact with characters in the app or with their caregivers while engaging with the app

The following apps received the highest scores in terms of promoting learning: 

• My Food – Nutrition for Kids
• Daniel Tiger’s Stop & Go Potty
• Toca Life (Neighborhood, School and Hospital)
• LEGO DUPLO Town
• Zoombinis
• Measure That Animal
• Math Shelf
• Know Number Free
• Endless Alphabet
• Letter School
• First Word Sampler
• Word Wall HD
• Pocket Phonics
• Skills Builder Spelling
• Phonic Monster 1
• ABC Touch and Learn
• Bee Sees
• Kindergarten Lite
• Starfall
• Super Why

This research provides the following tips for parents related to apps: 

• If possible, wait until your child is at least 3 years old before trying educational apps. Research finds that although children younger than 3 can learn within an app, they may be less likely to apply this knowledge to the real world. 
• Engage in apps with your child. Provide some help and assistance without doing the task for them. Help the child to understand the instructions and pay attention to relevant features.
• When engaging with apps together, use a lot of language to help to explain the task to the child. Offer frequent praise and encouragement.
• Choose apps that require the child to think critically rather than simple cause-and-effect, such as an app in which they have to choose the correct answer rather than an app in which they simply press a button and an animation plays.
• Avoid apps with irrelevant or excessive features or advertisements that are not related to the learning process.
• Look for apps that teach children skills that they can easily transfer to real life and that are related to their existing knowledge, such as an app that teaches about letters of the alphabet.
• Choose apps that encourage your child to interact with the characters in the app and/or with you or other caregivers while engaging with the app.

What is Reggio Emilia

This week's summary is Everything Parents Need to Knoe About the Reggio Emilia Approach, and it’s follow up to last week's article on Maria Montessori.

Reggio Emilia pedagogy (so named for the town in Italy it originated from and where a number of our Early Learners’ teachers will visit this summer) began after World War II in the mid-1940s.

A Reggio Emilia approach, primarily in the preschool years, has become especially popular over the past 20-25 years.

As you’ll see in the article, the qualities of a Reggio Emilia classroom are time-tested pedagogy that, similar to the Montessori approach, respect children as innate, inquisitive, learners. 

Some of the key aspects of a Reggio Emilia classrooms are as follows:

• Trust the child as a capable and motivated learner
• Utilize project-based learning activities to give children opportunities to be critical and creative thinkers and problem solvers
• Document the students’ process of learning
• Provide a classroom environment that is rich and stimulating and that encourages exploration and discovery
• Involve children, teachers, and parents as partners in a child’s learning process

This article is a reminder of the educational values we esteem at Trinity. As you read the article, even if you teach upper elementary grades, look for the parallels in your classroom, i.e., emphasis on child-directed learning, creativity, and collaboration, and see to what extent you provide similar experiences for your students.

Joe 

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Anyone researching alternative schools and/or non-traditional curriculums will come across the concept of the Reggio Emilia approach or schools inspired by the philosophy, as it continues to become more and more popular across the US. 

But, what is the Reggio Emilia Approach, exactly and what makes this model different from others?

Reggio Emilia is not a person, it is a city in Italy where this educational philosophy and pedagogy originated after World War II and is most commonly used in preschool and early elementary classrooms. 

Unlike in traditional-model schools where lessons are teacher-led, educators that follow the Reggio Emilia approach let the students lead the way and offer guidance, knowledge, and direction as needed. Teachers closely observe children to help them in planning and offering learning opportunities that will connect to their interests or questions. This shows the children that their ideas, thoughts, passions, experiences, and preferences are valued.

Even though they aren’t leading a class in the traditional sense, teachers are still observing the students’ academic growth and evolving their classrooms as needed to ensure students have the tools they require to master benchmark skills. Teachers are consistently documenting the learning and making it visible to children, parents, and the community. Documentation provides the opportunity for children to reflect and revisit learning experiences and reflecting with the children allows them to make meaning of the work and helps plan for future learning experiences.

Reggio Emilia-inspired curriculum is hands-on, collaborative, and taught through projects, exploration, and play. Because of this, the classroom’s setup is very important. The environment is set up as the ‘3rd teacher’ so children can independently engage and learn in a space that has been intentionally set up to be beautiful, engaging, encourage investigation, and promote relationship building. Materials are carefully chosen based on sensory elements and kept within reach of the students, and learning spaces are set up so that there is enough room for multiple kids to work together.

The Reggio Emilia approach falls somewhere between Montessori and traditional classrooms, in that there are still daily routines (like the traditional model) but the actual learning is student-led (like Montessori), so it’s the best of both worlds. However, unlike traditional and Montessori schools, this approach gives kids the freedom of demonstrating their knowledge through various methods. Children tell the teacher what they know as they build, dance, draw, paint, sculpt, create, explore, read, write, observe, investigate, experiment, garden, dream, engineer, talk, act, cook, etc., which illustrates that there are many ways for children to express themselves outside of writing and speaking.

Other benefits of the Reggio Emilia approach include:

• A relaxed learning environment that encourages exploration 
• Teacher-student relationships that are rooted in respect
• Students build social skills through a collaborative environment
• A student-led approach allows consistent opportunities for problem-solving
• Kids develop a strong sense of community
• Emphasis on creativity and artistic expression
• Adaptive curriculum means lesson plans are created based on what the students need to master a skill (as opposed to standard curriculum that continuously moves forward and can leave some students behind)

All of that being said, the most important benefit is that children are shown that learning is a joyful experience.

Maria Montessori's Impact on Education

This week's summary is How Maria Montessori Transformed the Realm of Children's Education.

Most of us have a rudimentary idea of Maria Montessori and her impact on education philosophy and practice.

Much like John Dewey, Montessori was a pioneer of progressive education tenets that shifted schooling away from a mechanical pedagogy of lecture, worksheets, and rote learning to a more child-centered, process-oriented, problem-based focus.

Even though the roots of progressive education can be traced to philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s book Emile in the mid-1700s, it was Montessori and Dewey in the early 20th century who put children’s innate curiosity and desire to learn at the forefront of the classroom.

Rather than viewing the child as a blank slate whose brain needed to be force fed with knowledge, Montessori put trust in her students and developed classroom pedagogy and activities (many of us are familiar with her pink tower) to engage children’s natural instinct to learn. A major belief for Montessori was to allow a child to learn at his/her own pace.

While today she is primarily associated with preschool grades, her beliefs influenced changes at all levels of education.

The article below is a short introduction to her life and influence. For a more comprehensive picture of her, you can read the recent biography of her, The Child is the Teacher.

 Joe

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Maria Montessori stood before a crowd of 60 underprivileged children, her students. It was January 6, 1907, and the 36-year-old educator was opening her first school: the Casa dei Bambini or “Children’s House,” a preschool that would revolutionize children’s education.

Today, the legacy of the Italian woman behind Montessori schools lives on in preschools around the globe. 

But at the time, the theory that providing children with stimulating activities would help them more than rote learning and academic drills was revolutionary.

Though her innovations inspired a movement in young children’s learning, Montessori saw her work more simply. “I did not invent a method of education,” she wrote in 1914. “I simply gave some little children a chance to live.”

Montessori was passionate about education from a young age. Born in 1870 and raised in Rome, she took a path that defied the era’s expectations for women. Montessori studied engineering, then applied to medical school at the University of Rome, telling a professor during her interview, “I know I shall become a doctor.” The school refused her, so Montessori enrolled in the general university; studied physics, mathematics and natural sciences; and reapplied to medical school. She was finally admitted, becoming the first woman to enter the university’s medical school, and in July 1896, she became Italy’s first female doctor.

Montessori’s medical work led her to the University of Rome’s psychiatric clinic. As part of her job, she visited asylums for children with mental disorders, searching for patients eligible for treatment at the clinic. It was here that her interest in child development intensified.

In 1898, Montessori spoke at the National Medical Congress in Turin, advocating that lack of adequate provisions and care for children with mental and emotional disorders caused them to misbehave. She continued her advocacy at the 1899 National Pedagogical Congress, where she proposed special training for teachers working with special-needs children.

Montessori’s interest in early childhood education strengthened over the next few years. She developed her own teaching materials, and in 1907, she opened her first school.

Her method revolved around engagement. Though Montessori introduced her students to many activities and materials, she retained only those the kids were interested in. She realized that activities could help children socially develop, and she theorized that, surrounded by such activities, students could educate themselves. Montessori’s self-dubbed “auto-education” approach soon had the 5-year-olds at Casa dei Bambini reading and writing.

News of Montessori’s success spread quickly, and by 1908, her name was known around the world. By the fall of 1908, five Case dei Bambini were operating in Italy. Her method soon crossed borders as kindergartens in Switzerland adopted her methods. 

A couple of years later, Montessori published a book, The Montessori Method -- over time, it would be translated into 20 different languages. In the following decades, Montessori schools and teacher training programs sprang up around the world.

Before her death in 1952, Montessori lived to see her educational theories enacted around the globe, as more and more “awakened” children—as she called activity-stimulated students—successfully learned their letters.

As Montessori biographer E.M. Standing notes, Montessori proved that the “awakened” child “develops a higher type of personality—more mentally alert, more capable of concentration, more socially adaptable, more independent and at the same time more disciplined and obedient—in a word, a complete being—a ready foundation for the building up of a normalized adult.”

“This is Montessori’s great achievement,” Standing writes, “the discovery of the child.”

Teen Pressure to Succeed

This week's summary is Teen Grind Culture.

Unlike today’s teenagers, I had the time and freedom to discover who I was during high school and college. There was little internal or external pressure on me as a young man to have it all it figured out and my future path established.

As you’ll see in the article below, today’s teens feel pressure (from parents, social media, themselves) to be on duty all the time with the expectation of excelling in everything (school, sports, social life, appearance, community service).

Consequently, many teens feel that they can’t ever take a breath and relax. It was particularly disturbing to read that some teens feel guilty for doing anything at all for pleasure and enjoyment.

The small percentage of teens who don’t feel this pressure shared similar practices: more sleep, more time outdoors, a less structured daily schedule, and limited activity on social media and with technology.

Fittingly, those habits the healthiest teens possess are what Trinity as an elementary school espouses for its students. 

It’s tougher for teens today yet we do have the opportunity to shape our students’ attitudes and habits during these formative years so they’ll perhaps learn to relax a little bit when they reach high school.

Joe

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Like it or not, children and teenagers today are live participants in an unprecedented experiment. Ubiquitous cellphones and hyper-engagement in social media have coincided over the last 15 years with a sharp increase in teen anxiety and depression.

Researchers from Harvard’s Center for Digital Thriving surveyed U.S. teenagers in the fall of 2023. 

What emerged was a vivid description of the “grind culture” dominating kids’ lives – “this sense of always needing to be productive, to be striving in all these different areas, even at the expense of your health,” said Center co-director Emily Weinstein. 

Some specific findings:

• 56 percent felt “game plan” pressure – to have their future path clear and set
• 53 percent felt pressure to earn impressive grades or excel in sports
• 51 percent to look their best
• 44 percent to have a robust social life
• 41 percent to be available to support friends
• 32 percent to stay informed and do good for their community

All these were more intense for girls. And one in four respondents described symptoms of burnout more common among adults in high-stress jobs.

On the “game plan” pressure, it’s striking that teens said they didn’t have time for the typical adolescent quest to figure out who they are and what they want to be. They seemed to believe that noodling around with new interests and ideas would work to their disadvantage. “Teens literally described feeling guilty for reading a book for pleasure,” says Weinstein.

Where do all these pressures come from? Parents, teachers, teens themselves – and social media. About one in five of those surveyed said they were “almost constantly” on social media, messaging apps, and YouTube. Using Instagram, Tik Tok, and Snapchat intensified the pressures teens felt.

The researchers were struck by the fact that 19 percent of those surveyed said they were not feeling pressure in any of the six areas listed above. Several practices and patterns were common among these outliers:

• They got more sleep
• Were more likely to spend time outdoors
• Had more open schedules
• Watched less television
• Spent less time on social media and the Internet.

The more self-care practices teens engaged in – including seven or more hours of sleep, regular exercise, time in nature, hanging out with a friend, engaging in creative projects – the less likely they were to feel burned out. 

The Benefits of Applied Math

This week's article summary is Applied Math Education Can Make Americans More Numerically Literate, and it’s written by a college science professor who bemoans her students lack of mathematical confidence and reasoning skills.

It’s a follow-up to a recent summary on the importance of math in elementary school.

Her worries extend beyond her classroom: due to math illiteracy, many adults are ignorant about personal finances and blindly believe politicians and others who spout exaggerated statistics without providing any evidence.

She encourages elementary schools to do a better job teaching math, including real-life applications so kids can see the connections between math and real-life.

As mentioned in the earlier summary, Trinity is in the vanguard of enhanced math instruction in elementary school. Over the past number of years, we’ve all seen our students and teachers gain much more confidence and comfort in math.

Joe

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As American elementary schoolchildren head back to school, one subject just might be the most dreaded of all—mathematics. 

A distaste for arithmetic, calculations, and numbers in general starts young in America, where it's socially acceptable to claim to "hate math" or simply "be bad with numbers." 

By the time U.S. students hit middle school, our educational system has already failed them. American 15-year-olds score far below their peers from other countries in mathematical literacy. 

I will meet many of these students a few years later in my college classroom, where they will react with dismay at encountering calculus-based modeling in biology class, a subject which, in their prior experience, was virtually a math-free zone. While math is a key tool of modern biology—allowing us to predict how diseases spread or calculate the sustainability of our food supply—it's usually avoided in introductory classes, where it's viewed as "too complicated.” 

The American educational system is failing to prepare its citizens to face mathematical challenges with confidence.

This "math anxiety" has serious social and political consequences. 

In personal finance, Americans typically struggle to scale expenditures with income. 

More dangerously, innumerate people may become data-avoidant, assessing risk and quality of arguments based on "gut feelings" rather than numerical facts.

In contrast, math and statistics classes provide us with the logic frameworks we need to assess risk and link the magnitudes of cause and effect, making us better decision makers. There's still a role for experts and pundits, who help us make sense of a complex world. But as an American voting public, we should strive for better mathematical reasoning skills to supplement these expert analyses.

Educators have shown that it's possible to build strong math skills from Day 1 by investing more time on mathematical reasoning in our elementary school classrooms. 

And for those who remember math as boring or recall struggling to learn something wholly disconnected from daily life, there's a solution—applied math, which grounds math concepts in real-world examples.

These examples can start early. When our research team visits second-grade classrooms, we use "helpful" and "harmful" relationships between animals and humans to introduce number lines with positive and negative values. 

Similarly, elementary school educators have shown time and again that music lessons improve student math scores by introducing students to this note-based arithmetic. The same concepts apply for little girls curious about engineering and little boys helping parents measure ingredients in the kitchen.

Even after we've left the classroom, let's challenge ourselves to stop flinching away from numbers or blindly trusting (or mistrusting) those reciting them. When hearing a number or statistic, let's adopt a "stop and study" approach, asking what's being argued, by whom, using what rationale. 

Mathematical reasoning gives us a core, common set of facts that we can interpret together. By building math skills—in the classroom and in adulthood—we can be part of an American public that prides itself in mathematical exceptionalism, not mathematical avoidance.